Binary Options Trading Simulator

At the Beginning
Previously on The Scuu Paradox…
The smell of burning wood was all I could focus on. The fires had long died out, making it difficult to see in the darkness; despite all other modifications, Kridib’s eyes weren’t able to see overly well in the dark. Every five minutes, Radiance would send an infrared scan of the colony to help him and his team with their advancement. Despite all that help and the four missile strikes, progress was minimal. Of the forty-seven people sent to the planet, eleven had been killed and five more severely wounded, rendering them useless in battle. From what I could see, Rigel’s forces had clustered in specific points of the colony, giving up the rest: a sensible strategy that had allowed them to ambush three of our teams while suffering negligible losses themselves. As things stood, the enemy forces had positioned themselves in two areas of the colony. Both spots encircled a specific building—mine and the captain’s locations—making further missile strikes impossible.
Update? Kridib asked me through the mind link.
Nothing, I replied. Rigel had left shortly after our last chat, taking the third-contact rods with him. Since then, I had remained safely isolated in the room and completely alone. Half of them have probably gone to sleep.
Tell me if anything changes. Kribib looked up. A dozen sats were visible in the night sky. We’ll be making another go soon.
I don’t think that’s a good idea.
So far, Kridib had made four attempts to reach me, all of them unsuccessful. His approach, though chaotic at best, had managed to keep him alive. There had been a close call during which his left arm had been grazed by a bullet, though that time the man hadn’t frozen.
Everyone has to sleep, Kridib said, heading back into one of the buildings that had been transformed into a ground base of operations. I’ll go first.
Must I wake you? I asked.
No. With that, the link was severed.
To a degree, I was thankful, though not too much. Forcing whatever strength I had, I moved my head to look around the room as much as I was able. Nothing had changed in the last four hours, but at least it let me do something. The last time I felt remotely similar was when I’d had my sensor systems knocked out, though even then I was able to use my shuttle AIs to paint me a picture. Here, I was completely helpless and, to a vast degree, blind.
“Do I get any water?” I asked as loudly as my lungs would let me.
There was no reason to expect an answer. Even if anyone was awake on the lower floors, they would be on lookout duty. Saying it out loud, though, made me feel better for some reason. To my surprise, the door to the room opened.
“Thought you were above those things.” Rigel walked in slowly. Even with my lack of focus, I could see that he had changed clothes. The colours were dark enough to be considered a uniform, although I couldn’t make out any other details. “You can’t swallow, remember?”
“My mouth feels dry,” I explained.
“Too bad.” Despite my poor vision, I could hear him smile as he said that.
Walking slowly, he made his way to the stool near me and sat down. From this distance, I could see him taking something from his front pocket. In the dim light, it was impossible to tell what exactly.
“Still having problems focusing?” Rigel asked.
“Yes.” There was no point in lying.
“Pity. Agora works well on organic tissue. Not on techno-mongrels,” he added with a laugh. “If you weren’t one, you’d be dead. There’s a win for you.”
And you’re not making any sense, I thought.
“Nice murder troops you got out there. Quick and efficient. A few years ago, the locals would’ve had fun pulling their wings off. Time leaves its mark.” Rigel flicked the object. It let out a peculiar metallic sound. “No action, no combat sims, just the local pests that roam the planet. Those were brought here too, did you know?”
“I heard about it.”
“Another brilliant idea from the bureaucracy. Create a full ecosystem. Plants, critters, predators... all must be present and carefully maintained. We tried killing them off once. Those were the days. Three colonies setting out, killing everything in sight until the orbital station stopped sending food.” There was a slight pause. “And you know the best part?” Rigel leaned towards me. “None of that happened.”
If I could have pulled back, I would have. There was no way of knowing if these were insane rantings or if he was referring to a dark op coverup. Considering he was from the Salvage Authorities, either was possible, and both options were equally undesirable.
“I went through your data, Elcy.” Rigel rubbed his hands. “You know things you shouldn’t.”
“Because of my past, I’ve been placed on special assignments,” I said. Technically it was true, though we both knew it didn’t explain away the inconsistencies.
“You knew about the third-contact artifacts before. You’ve operated them before.” He moved his hand closer to my face. I felt a cold metallic surface touch my cheek. “You’re searching for something. Something that you’re not supposed to find.” He moved the object away from my face. “Here’s my offer. You answer some of my questions, and I’ll answer some of yours.”
“That’s one way to get court-martialed.” Not to mention there was no guarantee my self-destruct chip wouldn’t go off at any point.
“Please don’t give me the line that the fleet is going through all that trouble just to rescue you. If you were that valuable, you’d never have been sent to this hell in the first place.” Rigel stood up. “What are the odds of the fleet extracting you in one piece? Two percent?”
“Point-seven-three-nine,” I corrected. Frankly, I was surprised they were going through all the trouble. “Give or take.”
“Less than one percent,” Rigel snorted. “It’s your call. You have three hours to make it. Before I leave you, here’s a freebie. This planet, it isn’t some randomly colonized world in ‘unexplored space.’ We’re in the buffer zone—the border between the Scuu and human space. Think about that.” He made his way to the door. Reaching it, he stopped and turned around. “Oh, and we’re constantly being monitored.”

Gamma-Ligata, Cassandrian Front—615.11 A.E. (Age of Expansion)
The third wave of shuttles approached my forward left hangar one by one. The instant they came within three hundred meters, I was handed over direct control of the AIs. As with the previous batches, the first thing I did was to have a set of isolated subroutines flash the memory and purge the entire operating system. That done, I sent out a mini-sat to latch onto and assume control of the shuttles. It was a slow and tedious process, but necessary considering the circumstances.
“How are things?” Wilco asked from the bridge. Augustus had gathered most of his officers to a private meeting in his quarters, leaving Wilco in command. This wasn’t the first time it had happened, but each time it did, it felt strange.
“Everything’s going as planned,” I said, as the first shuttle went under my control.
A quick internal scan revealed that there were sixty-two people aboard, all cuffed and tagged. All of them were tagged as infected, and, to my surprise, none of them were sedated. The instructions were to take them in and monitor their actions at all times, and only to engage if they threatened the ship. Normally, I’d be confident that Augustus knew what was going on. With everything we’d gone through since I’d joined the front, I didn’t think there was anything in the galaxy that could surprise him. I was wrong.
Finishing my internal check of the shuttle, I directed it to the outer hangar doors and had it dock. The passengers—all of their identities classified—waited till I covered the walls with disembark notifications, then stood up and quietly proceeded to get off, in orderly fashion. I could tell by Wilco’s expression that he found it unnerving.
“A thousand and eighty-two passengers on board,” I said on the bridge and in the captain’s quarters. The moment the last person set foot in the hangar, I would eject the shuttle from my hangar-bay, self-destruct it, and proceed with the next.
Delegating the task to my isolated subroutines, I reviewed the instructions I had received. The proper ident protocols and authorisations had been used, ensuring that I would do as instructed without asking questions. An emergency transmission from an unidentifiable ship had led me here. I knew nothing about the ship’s name or specifics, and I wasn’t allowed to get close enough to get a visual. The only things I was allowed to see were its shuttles and mass. Everything else was open to interpretation.
“Have any of them said anything?” Wilco asked.
“No.” I displayed images of the hangar bay and the corresponding corridors surrounding it. As part of my instructions, the entire section was sealed off and quarantined. “They’re eating.” They also appeared to be healthy, although the instructions stressed no one was to come into contact with them under any circumstances. “I’ve received no indication of how long we’re to keep them. Did the captain get an indication?”
“No,” Wilco said in his usual somber voice. “Is everything sealed off?”
“Yes.” I rechecked. “No way in or out without captain’s approval.”
“Set a buffer zone.” The man went on. “No one goes in or out without my permission.”
“If you say so.” It wasn’t difficult. The area in question had been made empty to accommodate the quarantined arrivals, though it seemed a bit too much. “Want me to put sentinels?”
“No. We don’t have to hurt anyone, just hold them.” He slinked down in his chair. “They’re the Med boys’ toys. We don’t get to play with them.”
Med boys… Only Wilco referred to the Medical Core in such fashion. As most organisations, they were part of the fleet, yet their specific area of expertise gave them as much authority as the Salvage Authorities and the BICEFI combined. As a ship, I knew fairly little about them: they had the power to impose quarantines and cordon off entire planets if they wished. They were also the only organisation with the power to hold an active captain in check. Possibly, that was the reason Augustus didn’t get along with any of his medical officers. According to the public files, the Med Core had created the inner-body nanites and were instrumental in getting humans into space. There were also whispers that they were involved in creating the first ship-cores, although I found that unlikely. Even so, they had more authority than anyone aboard. Even on the front, we had no option but to obey.
“It won’t be practical heading into war with them,” I said as the second shuttle entered the hangar bay.
“Not our call. We’re to hold them until a Med ship picks them up,” Wilco sighed. “And monitor everything they do.”
“How is that different from anyone else aboard?” I ventured a chuckle.
“You don’t need to know,” the lieutenant said darkly.
Another thing about Wilco was that he had the uncanny ability to make any topic of conversation dark. I ran a few simulations testing various responses, then decided not to respond further. In the best-case scenario, there was a twenty-seven percent chance he found my reaction funny.
“Elcy.” Augustus granted me sensor access to the captain’s quarters. “What’s the ETA on the cattle?”
“The passengers will be all aboard in seven minutes, captain.” A decade of attempts to mellow his behaviour had brought me no results. “Five, if you need me off in a rush.”
“Get it done in five,” he barked. “We’ve got new orders. We’re joining a purge fleet. Go on yellow. Get the grunts prepped.”
“Aye, sir.” I issued the order to everyone aboard. Seconds later, ground troop officers and sergeants were shouting their troops into order. “What about the passengers, sir? Won’t combat expose them to unnecessary danger?”
“There’s no unnecessary danger,” Augustus barked again. The rest of the command staff had already started leaving the room. Their expressions ranged from mild annoyance to disapproval. Whatever discussions had taken place, they must have been unpleasant and one-sided. “Monitor them at all times and don’t interact until I say so.”
“Understood.”
It sounded like another escort mission, and I didn’t like escort missions. Normally, it would just be troop detachments or—if we were very unlucky—some mid-level bureaucrat or admiral’s aid sent to do a front-line inspection. Transporting quarantined personnel wasn’t in my usual purview, although if it had been, I’d never know.
“What’s the course of treatment they must undergo?” I asked.
“No treatment,” Augustus grumbled. “That’s for the Meds to figure out.”
“All passengers are tagged as infected. Regulations require we provide immediate medical attention.” I felt my words sound hollow. If Augustus had the authority to provide such, he would have told me already. The only thing I was left was to go through the motions, expecting to receive the obvious denial.
“Just monitor them, Elcy! That’s what we’ve been told. And whatever happens, don’t interfere.”

Just monitor them.
I had spent three months and thirty-nine hours monitoring the passengers onboard. Through battles and repairs, every single action had been carefully observed, recorded, and stored on external data storage. For the most part, nothing happened. The people would live boring, perfectly organised lives, almost as if they knew they were being watched. There were no scuffles, few arguments, and only one incident resulting in injuries when a Cassandrian fighter managed to slip through my external defences and fire a salvo at the hangar bay. Their health condition also seemed no different than when they had come aboard. I had dedicated a dozen subroutines to collect any potential symptoms in an effort to determine the type of disease they had, but had come to no conclusion. Then, one day, they were all gone. I had no memory of the Medical ship that had taken them, or where that had happened. The only thing I was certain about was the time—precisely two thousand, one hundred and ninety-nine hours since the last of them had come aboard. Everything else remained restricted.
Looks like there’s always someone monitoring someone, Sev. If Rigel was to be believed someone was monitoring the planet. The question was who.
Seconds turned to minutes, then hours. Hundreds of times, I considered looking into my restricted memories for information regarding the third-contact artifacts or the events in gamma-Ligata, and each time I found a reason not to. As Rigel had said, the chance of me getting off the planet alive was less than one percent, but the knowledge of the existence of the possibility kept me acting. And then there was Rigel’s offer…
Rad, are you monitoring me? I asked, attempting to latch on to any open communication protocols. A connection was established, but instead of linking to Radiance, I found myself connecting back to Kridib’s mind. On cue, an info burst from Radiance followed, giving the latest scan. This time, I could see the location of our forces. The total number had increased to seventy-four, Kridib included. Nearly eight percent were gathered close to the captain’s expected location. Kridib and five more were closer to me.
Get ready, Kridib said. Moments later, bursts of gunfire echoed in the distance; they were going for the captain first.
The mission had begun. From here on, I could see several potential outcomes. In all of them, there was a high probability that Rigel attempted to make a deal.
When I was a ship, Augustus had taught me one key thing when it came to missions: regardless of the depth of predictions and the computing power at their disposal, humans always boiled down a situation to a simple binary choice. Rigel wanted something from me and had invested too much to let his chance slip. Before the outcome of Kridib’s rescue mission, Rigel would come here to get an answer to his proposal. All I had to do was wait.
As I lay, I watched Kridib run through the darkness towards my location. Unlike before, he was wearing night vision goggles, letting him make out his surroundings better.
No thermal? I asked as Kridib made his way through the streets. The smell of burned vegetation could still be felt.
That’s what you’re for.
Not a reply to be thrilled about, but one to be expected. Cross-referencing Radiance’s latest scan, I started analysing every frame of Kridib’s stream. The first few minutes passed without incident. Judging by the intensified background gunfire, the locals were more focused on keeping Renaan isolated than stopping Kridib. Twenty-eight seconds, later the first shot sounded.
Sniper! I shouted straight in Kridib’s mind.
“Cover fire!” he shouted, rushing for cover.
Watch out for a cross, I warned.
The shooting intensified. Based on the area scan, the group was a few hundred meters away. One strong push and they’d be here. That said, I knew that the building was guarded by more than seven people. If I were in Rigel’s place, I would have dedicated at least three dozen.
Concentrated fire focused on the second floor of a building, blowing off the entire wall. There was a brief scream before a rocket flew into the spot, hollowing the entire structure with a blast.
Heavy weapons? I asked Kridib. I didn’t think Radiance’s captain would resort to such firepower, considering third-contact artifacts were involved; one direct hit, and the entire colony might well end up a smouldering crater, not to mention the potential communication repercussions. Maybe there was truth in Rigel’s statement that Flight Commander Nitel was getting desperate.
As I was following Kridib’s advancement outside, the door opened once more—as predicted, Rigel had returned. He was wearing the same set of clothes as three hours ago. I found it puzzling that I couldn’t spot any semblance of a weapon on him.
“Your masters have gotten desperate,” the man said in suspiciously calm fashion. “Looks like they’ve sent everything they had to get Renaan.” He walked up to me, then leaned over. “And just a handful to get you.”
“Are they winning?” I tried to smile.
“Beats me.” Rigel didn’t seem bothered. “You thought about my offer?”
“I did. And I don’t think accepting would be a good deal. If I wait for them to rescue the captain, your bargaining power ends.”
“Oh?” The man chuckled.
“There’s nothing else the fleet would be willing to trade.” Except potentially the pyramid artifact. Even then, I didn’t see them sacrificing the Gregorius. “Once the captain boards a shuttle, it’s over.”
A person of Kridib’s squad fell as they were approaching my building. I heard the unmistakable sound of bullets piercing armor, then silence. That was the thing about sound suppressors: one could get killed, and there still wouldn’t be any sound of one hitting the ground. I wanted to turn around and see what had happened, potentially to help. There was a seven-point-three chance that the wound wasn’t fatal. Kridib kept on moving forwards. That’s what made him a ground trooper… it also caused me pain.
“What if I kill Renaan?” Rigel mused. “I won’t lose much. Everyone down here’s dead anyway. Someone in the fleet has gone through a lot of shit to get Renaan back. They’d lose a hell of a lot more.”
“What if they save the captain?” I countered. “Either way, we’ll soon find out, and you’ll have no offer.”
“Quantum paradox logic?” Rigel sounded surprised. “Strange hearing that from you, missy. I’ll have to skim your file once I’m out of here.” He paused for a moment, then dragged the nearby stool over—making a deliberate sound—and sat down. “Truth is, once the moment ends, we both lose our chance. Are you okay with that?”
Why are you so confident? I wondered. Even if I were to agree, he wouldn’t be able to get much from me in the next ten minutes, even less if Kridib managed to reach my room. His squad had already made its way to the building proper, facing less than expected resistance. From what I was able to see, there were two snipers left on the upper floors and two machine-gunners on the first. All auxiliary positions on the nearby buildings seemed to have dealt with, although there was no sign of Ogum.
“You’ve dealt with Salvage before, I can tell,” Rigel pressed on. “You won’t get another chance like this.”
The old man’s with me in the basement, I told Kridib. No guards in the room. He’s ex-Salvage Authorities. Take him, and the mission is over. Saying that hurt slightly. Despite being the enemy, and a threat to the war effort, he remained human.
“Then I guess I’ll never know.” As I spoke, I saw Kridib charge at the building. As before, there was nothing fancy about it, just determination and insanity. Several bullets flew so close to him I could hear them, but this time none of them hit. “Your bargaining window is over. No deal.”
Kridib emptied his sidearm at the door in front of him, then rushed in. I could see no guards inside, just a set of hastily built staircases. Whatever the original purpose of the building was, it had been transformed into a field center at some point—likely during a previous escape attempt. Probably a group similar to ours had made it their temporary base, then left it as it was once they had completed their mission. No wonder Rigel had had me transported there. Kridib didn’t waste time making parallels, instead drawing his second sidearm and rushing down.
At least two floors down, I said. I’m not hearing any of the gunfire.
Is he armed? Kridib asked.
Unsure. Not that I can tell. There are artifacts, though.
“Such a teacher’s pet.” Rigel sighed after a long silence. “In the end, you’re nothing but a ship.” He stood up.
He’s standing directly from the door, I said to Kridib. Seven degrees from center. Small frame, average height.
Kridib fired three shots. Three bullets drilled through the alloy surface. Half a second later, Kridib followed kicking the door in.
“Just one small thing.” Rigel took a tube-shaped object from his vest pocket.
Meanwhile, I was staring at an empty room from Kridib’s eyes. It was at least three times smaller than the one I was in, bare and completely deserted. There was no Rigel, no me, no equipment, just a single metallic cube the size of my fingernail placed neatly on the floor.
“Renaan was never the target.” The old man bent down and injected something in my neck. A new cascade of connection requests followed. “You are.”
—-
Next Chapter

Cryptosoft Review 2020-Is it a Scam?

Trading frame perfect inputs as method to make certain TAS-only tricks possible in RTA

I'd like to explain a general but in most games probably at most restrictively applicable method to effectively ''trade frame perfect inputs'' [which may sound strange and questionable at first if one hasn't heard of that concept before, but I'll elaborate on it below] that can be involved in (speedrun) tricks, for the purpose of transforming bio-mechanically (in the sense of the physical and speed related limits to the human hand) impossible (or at least extremely difficult) to perform TAS-only input patterns required for in-game tricks into more realistic or even decently executable new versions of input patterns for those tricks. I guess one could see it as a separate, advanced step in the same direction in which theory crafting goes for constructing setups that calibrate or normalize various parameters to make performing certain tricks easier.
The idea for this method is to add a suitable frame perfect input for pausing the game to the execution of a trick in order to allow to either simulate a frame perfect immediate button press release (of another input part of a trick) or to be given more time to switch the held inputs up and buffer them through unpausing the game.
If this method can at all be used in a game may depend on the following factors, among others:
° How pausing works in a game: Namely if pressing the pause button halts gameplay instantly or if gameplay is interrupted after a short delay (and in this case what the game's lag behavior is), provided pausing even is an option in the situation or even just in the game in general.
° How the game treats a trick that involves a longer gameplay process when it is interrupted by a pause in the middle of it rather than without a pause (since in some cases the game may react to pausing and continue in terms of game mechanics different than how it would without it, so that pausing doesn't solely delay gameplay).
A rather simple but good example for this that was already independently of my own separate theory crafting found in another community would be Wario World Super Jumps ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sN6iNne-B7E ), in which normally about 8 frames after initiating a Dash with an input the jump button has to be pressed, then released in the next frame and pressed again (and then can be held) in the next frame of this 60 Hertz game (for NTSC), in order to get the most jump height out of this (rather than lower jump heights with further off input timing). And to make this trick doable in this case, the frame perfect release of the jump button is avoided and instead a frame perfect pause is introduced in the same frame as the first jump press to create a longer time gap between the first and the second jump press. And while this version of doing the trick stays equivalent in terms of the count of frame perfect inputs, the advantage comes from not being forced to move the finger fast enough anymore for the 2nd jump press in relation to the first and the button release in between, but just having to press it at the right time and in isolation from the first jump press; and this ''de-coupling'' of frame perfect inputs in a chain of inputs is the crucial point here.
More concrete distinguished situations that may be resolvable with this method might be cases like the following ones:
° Cases where one is required to press a direction button in 1 frame and one has to steer away or press another button to input the complete opposite direction in the very next frame (rather than having the lenience for it to take more frames, or especially in cases where one is using a control stick with ''analogue'' inputs, i.e. a fine input field within which joystick positions are polled, rather than just a binary check for e.g. each of 4 different directions for if the direction is held or not) and is not allowed for the input polling to happen anywhere within the process of moving the control stick from 1 side to the other, resulting in the signal sending a value for an intermediate control stick position. And this also includes cases in which an immediate direction switch has to happen again immediately afterwards.
° Especially cases in games that run at very high frame rates like 60 Hertz or 120 or more Hertz, it can make a big difference to break frame perfect input chains required for a trick up (e.g. in a simple case that may be just two different positions of a control stick with 360° movement freedom in 2 consecutive frames), by turning a situation in which one would otherwise need to steer the control stick into another direction at proper angle and inhumanly fast into a situation via pausing the game at the right frame ahead of time or together with the first directional input (depending on how the given game's pause mechanic works, if one can even pause at the time), and then buffering the 2nd directional input through the unpausing process.
° Cases where an input needs to happen for only 1 frame but not longer, and in those cases pausing may allow to cut the active gameplay time off and allow to just press and hold that button input rather than having to release it after pressing it for 1 frame.
° Cases where one has a chain of inputs that need to happen in rapid succession within few frames, where the input chain would be possible to be executed up to some frame but continuing with what follows wouldn't manually be possible when one is forced to execute the 2nd part immediately afterwards; and where one would be able to execute the 2nd part on its own as well, provided one wouldn't be forced to execute the 1st part of it and interruption-less chain that into this 2nd part (because in that case, introducing a buffer time inbetween may be able to resolve this).
Disambiguation:
The purpose of the method I'm trying to help giving insights into - while it may also be closely related to other useful applications like providing audio cues or visual references for afterwards as side effect - is not about pausing for the purpose of gaining information or feedback from the game (that one then due to the game pause can actually process and react to in time for use of it later) e.g. to get a better orientation on one's position and surroundings while they are frozen in place or to know when (in relation to unpausing) the next inputs should occur, or if one should pause again (e.g. in a bufferable manner when possible) to let 1 or a few frames pass until one can unpause safely to be able to buffer the next input for a trick (outside of maybe the pause button presses involved in the trick, assuming the trick doesn't require pausing in and of itself, if perfect machine-like inputs are provided like in tool-assisted superplays). Neither do I mean to address cases where the pauseless execution of a trick was previously thought to be impossible but later turned out to be possible to be performed by someone else or with more practice, muscle memory, and different cues (without qualitatively changing the manner in which the trick is attempted to be done), or where the difficulty and associated inconsistency of getting a trick was just too high without pausing, for the plain purpose of separating the input chain (rather than for also getting visual or audible cues), which are their own separate cases. But instead, the sole point here is meant to address cases where the trick in question otherwise can manually just not be performed in general, for cases where this is due to the bio-mechanical limits of human hands, for example, where any amount of practice, cues, muscle memory or reaction times may lead to performances that may be close to successfully executing a trick but turn out to be still unsuccessful. This is the kind of ''dead end'' stuck situation I'm having in mind here, with this alternate method of approaching such situations.
In particular, while this ''input decoupling'' method, or ''frame perfect input trading for bio-mechanical benefits'' also involves pausing the game, it's purpose is not the same as for what's generally referred to as a plain Pause Buffer: ''Buffering a command out of a paused game. Runners can repeatedly pause a game to find the exact frame they want to execute an input on for frame perfect tricks''.
However, I think a method like this also presumably would only be worth considering (in a speedrunning context) for otherwise extremely hard or impossible to in real time execute tricks that at the same time would lead to significant time-saves by making a glitch/trick performable or making an extreme case of a speed-technique doable (like maybe certain backwards longjump setups in Super Mario 64 or something along those lines), e.g. in order to make a short-cut accessible, or to trigger ''game-changing'' effects that allow important new possibilities (like opening up a new category / speedrun branch for a game or making an existing one more extreme, for changes that aren't time-saves but change the category-defining limits of a category). Of course, a pause typically would also cost time and may in speedrunning contexts be part of the trade-off for making a trick possible and/or easier to execute.
For the game Super Metroid and a romhack of it there is in total (so far) 2 more situations for which I realized myself that this method can be very useful, and I'll go into one of them as example below:
Trick: Saturn Climb (named after a tool-assisted speedrunner): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LLwcB5-WcE
Here is a visualization (using the SNES TASing emulator lsnes) of the TAS inputs around the critical part of the trick (for which some of the inputs need to be as shown in the following screenshot, but not all):
https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/396448200447361024/737817960244183050/Saturn_Climb_TAS_inputs.png
For Super Metroid (running at 60 Hertz) on NTSC there exists this tricky walljump that is highly precise in the vertical and horizontal sub-pixel range for Samus' positioning from where the walljump has to be executed, as well as extraordinarily precise in directional input timing and the rapid changes of that. The critical part that appears to be impossible to perform in this manner are two immediately consecutive required instantaneous direction switches (from holding Right to holding Left within 1 frame and only for 1 frame, and holding Right again immediately after that, as one can see in the screenshot at the frame rows from 49600 to 49602).
Now (leaving out some details about previously also required frame perfect inputs which however would only need to happen in isolation from each other), by pressing Start about 1 second ahead of time (since in this game pressing Start doesn't pause it immediately) frame perfectly (which adds/introduces another frame perfect input that is not present normally), 2 new variants of this trick emerge from doing so, which would allow to overcome this rapid input hurdle:
(i) Either the earlier Start press makes the game enter the pause menu in the frame 49601, meaning that the gameplay frames relevant to Samus' movement end with frame 49600 (before frame 49601), in which case the first (frame perfect) Right (>) press can be held into the menu (which takes out the otherwise required frame perfect release of the button press), and from there one can buffer Left (<) through unpausing the game and then is only anymore required to instantly switch to pressing and holding Right (>) in the correct frame [which is a type of execution that has been shown to be doable on SNES controllers before].
(ii) Or the earlier Start press makes the game enter the pause menu 1 frame later, namely in frame 49062, and in this case after pressing Right frame perfectly, one would have to instantly switch to pressing Left at frame 49601 and can hold it into the pause menu, followed by being able to buffer holding Right (>) throughout all of the unpausing process in order to continue.
Also, when it comes to making precise tricks possible to execute, while games where initiating a pause makes the game stop instantly may in some cases have the advantage that the pause input can be pressed together with another critical input for a trick, so that doing both at the same time may come close to just pressing 1 button frame perfectly; games where initiating a pause happens with a delay may in probably more rare cases have the advantage that a convoluted input pattern doesn't get even more condensed with a pause input having to happen in the middle of it, because the pausing input can happen in isolation beforehand.
What I would hope could come from this would be the revisiting of previously as impossible to perform thought of tricks in games that were thoroughly tested for the respective input windows involved in them, for which this approach makes the difference, but also the same for tricks that haven't been looked into yet regarding the actual difficulty of performing them and associated input lenience windows for success, but are known to exist (e.g. from tool-assisted speedruns) already.

[Kabzon4ik] Nvidia reflex will be available for valorant but not for cs

[The Scuu Paradox] - Chapter 18

Username	Link	Response
RiotBrentmeister	Link	Howdy! Integrating NVIDIA Reflex was done by my team, Gameplay Integrity, for VALORANT. If you have any questions about what it means for VALORANT or how it works just let me know. We're super excited to roll this out to players! NVIDIA does an amazing job of covering Reflex here: https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/news/reflex-low-latency-platform/ Overall, I thought they knocked it out of the park with Reflex and was happy to work with them to see this live in VALORANT.
RiotBrentmeister	Link	You'd need to check with Logitech about their support for Reflex Latency measurements on that mouse. I don't think there is a full list of supported devices released yet.
RiotBrentmeister	Link	This switch will automatically become available in VALORANT when you install a compatible driver! The current release day for the driver is scheduled as Sep17th. VALORANT patch 1.07 already has the code to support the features!
RiotBrentmeister	Link	Reflex works as long as you have a 900 series NVIDIA card or better (2080 is better). So you'll be able to use it! If you want to be able to measure your total input latency, you'll need a compatible monitor and mouse. However, that's only for MEASURING it, you get the latency benefit with any mouse or monitor.
RiotBrentmeister	Link	It supports any monitor. However the higher the hz of your monitor the lower your input latency can be.
RiotBrentmeister	Link	The setting in-game will automatically become available (and default to on) in VALORANT when you install a compatible driver! The current release day for the driver is scheduled as Sep17th. VALORANT patch 1.07 already has the code to support the features! All you need to do is make sure you keep updating your NVIDIA drivers.
RiotBrentmeister	Link	It does not improve latency when you are CPU bound. I have a 1080 TI but I play with max graphical settings in 4K. There are still moments when my game becomes GPU bound. Good eye and understanding of though, you're right that this will mostly benefit GPU bound scenarios.
RiotBrentmeister	Link	This will be available to all NVIDA GPUs 900 series or better starting with the driver release slated for Sep17th.
RiotBrentmeister	Link	For this, we definitely thought about the trade off. In the end though, the hardware you play on is going to give you an advantage. Players with 144hz/240hz/360hz monitors are going to have an advantage over those without. Players with better ISPs that give lower latencies and no packet loss are going to have an advantage. Players with high-end machines are going to have higher framerates. Players with gaming mice with higher poll rates and better sensors have an advantage. In the end, our goal for VALORANT is to make the interface between you and the game as responsive and seamless as we can possibly make it. To that end we're happy to support any hardware or software features that reduce the friction that input latency causes between what your brain/body can do vs what we can represent in game. We try to weigh the pros/cons of supporting any technology against fairness and accessibility. Honestly if this was technology only supported by the 30XX series cards we might have had a harder time justifying implementing it. However, a large number of players have access to NVIDIA 900 series cards or better so we felt in this case it was a fair advantage to give. This isn't about preference for any particular partner either. We're happy to help co-develop or integrate any technology that makes gamers lives better. I hope this tech shakes things up and more hardware/software developers start prioritizing input latency higher. I hope gamers get excited about it as well and start demanding better and better latencies.
RiotBrentmeister	Link	Sorry that's pretty far outside my area of expertise. In general, most of the interns I've worked with have been with us over the summer. However, I don't think that's always the case. I'd say keep an eye out on riotgames.com/careers for any updates! If you're interested in the engineering aspects of reflex. I'd also recommend thinking about how frames make it to the display more and reviewing the graphs in the reflex article. We often talk about a game being CPU/GPU bound as if those are two binary options. The reality is that a game can be both CPU/GPU "bound" in a way. Simulation happens first, then render. The input latency is the sum of these two things, not the longest of the two if that makes sense. However, they can be partially parallelized!
RiotBrentmeister	Link	No. The FPS stays the same.
RiotBrentmeister	Link	I can't so for sure but a lot of the stretching software out there will add additionally input latency and potentially even worsen your framerate. I wouldn't recommend trying to use it. VALORANT will force a 16:9 or 16:10 aspect ratio, we don't support 4:3 if that's what you're trying to get by stretching. 1680x1050 should work as a 16:10 aspect ratio though so I'm not sure why the game is having problems with your monitor. What does NVIDIA control panel say about your available resolutions?
RiotBrentmeister	Link	Oh wow this is very weird. It looks like your monitor is reporting that it supports 1080p but it really doesn't. Do you know the exact model number for your monitor? It looks like an LG. You can locate it usually on the bottom of the monitor or in the top-left. I think I can see it in one of your videos but it's too blurry for me to read it. Some kind of PLAYTRON monitor but I can't read the code. In terms of things to try in the short term is if you have a different connector have you tried using it? For instance, you're using HDMI so try using DVI. If you have another HDMI cable you might try using that as well. I have found certain HDMI cables can cause compatibility problems with certain monitors. The fact that windows thinks the monitor mode is supported as well makes me wonder. Have you tried using a lower resolution and seeing if that at least centers the screen?

[Table] Asteroid Day AMA – We’re engineers and scientists working on a mission that could, one day, help save humankind from asteroid extinction. Ask us anything!

Source
There are several people answering: Paolo Martino is PM, Marco Micheli is MM, Heli Greus is HG, Detlef Koschny is DVK, and Aidan Cowley is AC.

Questions	Answers
Can we really detect any asteroids in space with accuracy and do we have any real means of destroying it?	Yes, we can detect new asteroids when they are still in space. Every night dozens of new asteroids are found, including a few that can come close to the Earth.
	Regarding the second part of the question, the goal would be to deflect them more than destroy them, and it is technologically possible. The Hera/DART mission currently being developed by ESA and NASA will demonstrate exactly this capability.
	MM
I always wanted to ask: what is worse for life on Earth - to be hit by a single coalesced asteroid chunk, or to be hit by a multiple smaller pieces of exploded asteroid, aka disrupted rubble pile scenario?	DVK: This is difficult to answer. If the rubble is small (centimetres to meters) it is better to have lots of small ones – they’d create nice bright meteors. If the rubble pieces are tens of meters it doesn’t help.
Let’s say that hypothetically, an asteroid the size of Rhode Island is coming at us, it will be a direct hit - you’ve had the resources and funding you need, your plan is fully in place, everything you’ve wanted you got. The asteroid will hit in 10 years, what do you do?	DVK: I had to look up how big Rhode Island is – a bit larger than the German Bundesland ‘Saarland’. Ok – this would correspond to an object about 60 km in diameter, right? That’s quite big – we would need a lot of rocket launches, this would be extremely difficult. I would pray. The good news is that we are quite convinced that we know all objects larger than just a few kilometers which come close to our planet. None of them is on a collision course, so we are safe.
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Why are you quite convinced that you know all object of that size? And what is your approach in finding new celestial bodies?	DVK: There was a scientific study done over a few years (published in Icarus 2018, search for Granvik) where they modelled how many objects there are out there. They compared this to the observations we have with the telescopic surveys. This gives us the expected numbers shown here on our infographic: https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/06/Asteroid_danger_explained
	There are additional studies to estimate the ‘completeness’ – and we think that we know everything above roughly a few km in size.
	To find new objects, we use survey telescopes that scan the night sky every night. The two major ones are Catalina and Pan-STARRS, funded by NASA. ESA is developing the so-called Flyeye telescope to add to this effort https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2017/02/Flyeye_telescope.
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Thanks for the answer, that's really interesting! It's also funny that the fist Flyeye deployed is in Sicily, at less than 100km from me, I really had no idea	DVK: Indeed, that's cool. Maybe you can go and visit it one day.
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What about Interstellar objects however, like Oumuamua?	DVK: The two that we have seen - 'Oumuamua and comet Borisov - were much smaller than the Saarland (or Rhode Island ;-) - not sure about Borisov, but 'Oumuamua was a few hundred meters in size. So while they could indeed come as a complete surprise, they are so rare that I wouldn't worry.
Would the public be informed if an impending asteroid event were to happen? And, how would the extinction play out? Bunch of people crushed to death, knocked off our orbit, dust clouds forever?	DVK: We do not keep things secret – all our info is at the web page http://neo.ssa.esa.int. The ‘risky’ objects are in the ‘risk page’. We also put info on really close approaches there. It would also be very difficult to keep things ‘under cover’ – there are many high-quality amateur astronomers out there that would notice.
In 2029 asteroid Apophis will fly really close to Earth, even closer than geostationary satellites. Can we use some of those satellites to observe the asteroid? Is it possible to launch very cheap cube sats to flyby Apophis in 2029?	DVK: Yes an Apophis mission during the flyby in 2029 would be really nice. We even had a special session on that topic at the last Planetary Defense Conference in 2019, and indeed CubeSats were mentioned. This would be a nice university project – get me a close-up of the asteroid with the Earth in the background!
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So you’re saying it was discussed and shelved?	In the conference we just presented ideas. To make them happen needs funding - in the case of ESA the support of our member countries. But having something presented at a conference is the first step. One of the results of the conference was a statement to space agencies to consider embarking on such a mission. See here: https://www.cosmos.esa.int/documents/336356/336472/PDC_2019_Summary_Report_FINAL_FINAL.pdf/341b9451-0ce8-f338-5d68-714a0aada29b?t=1569333739470
	Go to the section 'resolutions'. This is now a statement that scientists can use to present to their funding agencies, demonstrating that it's not just their own idea.
Thanks for doing this AMA! Did we know the Chelyabinsk meteor in 2013 (the one which had some great videos on social media) was coming? Ig not, how comes? Also, as a little side one, have there been any fatalities from impact events in the past 20 years?	Unfortunately, the Chelyabinsk object was not seen in advance, because it came from the direction of the Sun where ground-based telescopes cannot look.
	No known fatalities from impacts have happened in the past 20 years, although the Chelyabinsk event did cause many injuries, fortunately mostly minor.
	MM
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How often do impacts from that direction happen, compared to impacts from visible trajectories?	In terms of fraction of the sky, the area that cannot be easily scanned from the ground is roughly a circle with a radius of 40°-50° around the current position of the Sun, corresponding to ~15% of the total sky. However, there is a slight enhancement of objects coming from that direction, therefore the fraction of objects that may be missed when heading towards us is a bit higher.
	However, this applies only when detecting an asteroid in its "final plunge" towards the Earth. Larger asteroids can be spotted many orbits earlier, when they are farther away and visible in the night side of the sky. Their orbits can then be determined and their possible impacts predicted even years or decades in advance.
	MM
There must be a trade-off when targeting asteroids as they get closer to Earth, is there a rule of thumb at what the best time is to reach them, in terms of launch time versus time to reach the asteroid and then distance from Earth?	DVK: Take e.g. a ‘kinetic impactor’ mission, like what DART and Hera are testing. Since we only change the velocity of the asteroid slightly, we need to hit the object early enough so that the object has time to move away from it’s collision course. Finding out when it is possible to launch requires simulations done by our mission analysis team. They take the strength of the launcher into account, also the available fuel for course corrections, and other things. Normally each asteroid has its own best scenario.
Do you also look at protecting the moon from asteroids? Would an impact of a large enough scale potentially have major impacts on the earth?	DVK: There are programmes that monitor the Moon and look for flashes from impacting small asteroids (or meteoroids) - https://neliota.astro.noa.g or the Spanish MIDAS project. We use the data to improve our knowledge about these objects. These programmes just look at what is happening now.
	For now we would not do anything if we predicted a lunar impact. I guess this will change once we have a lunar base in place.
Why aren't there an international organisation comprised of countries focused on the asteroid defence? Imagine like the organisation with multi-billion $ budget and program of action on funding new telescopes, asteroid exploration mission, plans for detection of potentially dangerous NEA, protocols on action after the detection - all international, with heads of states discussing these problems?	DVK: There are international entities in place, mandated by the UN: The International Asteroid Warning Network (http://www.iawn.net) and the Space Mission Planning Advisory Group (http://www.smpag.net). These groups advise the United Nations. That is exactly where we come up with plans and protocols on action. But: They don’t have budget – that needs to come from elsewhere. I am expecting that if we have a real threat, we would get the budget. Right now, we don’t have a multi-billion budget.
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There is no actual risk of any sizable asteroids hitting earth in the foreseeable future. Any preparation for it would just be a waste of money.	DVK: Indeed, as mentioned earlier, we do not expect a large object to hit is in the near future. We are mainly worried about those in the size range of 20 m to 40 m, which happen on average every few tens of years to hundreds of years. And where we only know a percent of them or even less.
President Obama wanted to send a crewed spacecraft to an asteroid - in your opinion is this something that should still be done in the future, would there be any usefulness in having a human being walk/float on an asteroid's surface?	DVK: It would definitely be cool. I would maybe even volunteer to go. Our current missions to asteroids are all robotic, the main reason is that it is much cheaper (but still expensive) to get the same science. But humans will expand further into space, I am sure. If we want to test human exploration activities, doing this at an asteroid would be easier than landing on a planet.
^{this is another reply}	Yes, but I am slightly biased by the fact that I work at the European astronaut centre ;) There exist many similarities to what we currently do for EVA (extra vehicular activities) operations on the International Space Station versus how we would 'float' around an asteroid. Slightly biased again, but using such a mission to test exploration technologies would definitely still have value. Thanks Obama! - AC
I've heard that some asteroids contains large amounts of iron. Is there a possibility that we might have "space mines" in the far away future, if our own supply if iron runs out?	Yes, this is a topic in the field known as space mining, part of what we call Space Resources. In fact, learning how we can process material we might find on asteroids or other planetary bodies is increasingly important, as it opens up the opportunities for sustainable exploration and commercialization. Its a technology we need to master, and asteroids can be a great target for testing how we can create space mines :) - AC
By how much is DART expected to deflect Didymos? Do we have any indication of the largest size of an asteroid we could potentially deflect?	PM: Didymos is a binary asteroid, consisting of a main asteroid Didymos A (~700m) and a smaller asteroid Didymos B (~150m) orbiting around A with a ~12 hours period. DART is expected to impact Didymos B and change its orbital period w.r.t. Didymos A of ~1%. (8 mins)
	The size of Didymos B is the most representative of a potential threat to Earth (the highest combination of probability and consequence of impacts), meaning smaller asteroids hit the Earth more often but have less severe consequences, larger asteroids can have catastrophic consequences but their probability of hitting the earth is very very low.
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Why is there less probability of larger asteroids hitting earth?	DVK: There are less large objects out there. The smaller they are, the more there are.
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Is there any chance that your experiment will backfire and send the asteroid towards earth?	PM: Not at all, or we would not do that :) Actually Dimorphos (the Didymos "moon") will not even leave its orbit around Didymos. It will just slightly change its speed.
I'm sure you've been asked this many times but how realistic is the plot of Armageddon? How likely is it that our fate as a species will rely on (either) Bruce Willis / deep sea oil drillers?	Taking into consideration that Bruce Willis is now 65 and by the time HERA is launched he will be 69, I do not think that we can rely on him this time (although I liked the movie).
	HERA will investigate what method we could use to deflect asteroid and maybe the results will show that we indeed need to call the deep sea oil drillers.
	HG
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So then would it be easier to train oil drillers to become astronauts, or to train astronauts to be oil drillers?	I do not know which one would be easier since I have no training/experience of deep see oil drilling nor becoming an astronaut, but as long as the ones that would go to asteroid have the sufficient skills and training (even Bruce Willis), I would be happy.
	HG
If budget was no object, which asteroid would you most like to send a mission to?	Nice question! For me, I'd be looking at an asteroid we know something about, since I would be interested in using it for testing how we could extract resources from it. So for me, I would choose Itokawa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25143_Itokawa), which was visited by Hayabusa spacecraft. So we already have some solid prospecting carried out for this 'roid! - AC
^{this is another reply}	Not sure if it counts as an asteroid, but Detlef and myself would probably choose ʻOumuamua, the first discovered interstellar object.
	MM
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Do we even have the capability to catch up to something like that screaming through our solar system? That thing has to have a heck of a velocity to just barrel almost straight through like that.	DVK: Correct, that would be a real challenge. We are preparing for a mission called 'Comet Interceptor' that is meant to fly to an interstellar object or at least a fresh comet - but it will not catch up with it, it will only perform a short flyby.
	https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/ESA_s_new_mission_to_intercept_a_comet
After proving to be able to land on one, could an asteroid serve as a viable means to transport goods and or humans throughout the solar system when the orbit of said asteroid proves beneficial. While it is probably quite problematic to land the payload, it could save fuel or am I mistaken?	Neat idea! Wonder if anyone has done the maths on the amount of fuel you would need/save vs certain targets. - AC
	PM: To further complement, the saving is quite marginal indeed because in order to land (softly) on the asteroid you actually need to get into the very same orbit of that asteroid . At that point your orbit remains the same whether you are on the asteroid or not..
can the current anti-ballistic missiles systems intercept a terminal phase earth strike asteroid? or it is better to know beforehand and launch an impacting vehicle into space?	DVK: While I do see presentations on nuclear explosions to deflect asteroids at our professional meetings, I have not seen anybody yet studying how we could use existing missile systems. So it's hard to judge whether existing missiles would do the job. But in general, it is better to know as early as possible about a possible impact and deflect it as early as possible. This will minimize the needed effort.
How much are we prepared against asteroid impacts at this moment?	DVK: 42… :-) Seriously – I am not sure how to quantify ‘preparedness’. We have international working groups in place, mentioned earlier (search for IAWN, SMPAG). We have a Planetary Defence Office at ESA, a Planetary Defense Office at NASA (who spots the difference?), search the sky for asteroids, build space missions… Still we could be doing more. More telescopes to find the object, a space-based telescope to discover those that come from the direction of the Sun. Different test missions would be useful, … So there is always more we could do.
Have you got any data on the NEO coverage? Is there estimations on the percentage of NEOs we have detected and are tracking? How can we improve the coverage? How many times have asteroids been able to enter earths atmosphere without being detected beforehand?	Here’s our recently updated infographics with the fraction of undiscovered NEOs for each size range: https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/06/Asteroid_danger_explained
	As expected, we are now nearly complete for the large ones, while many of the smaller ones are still unknown.
	In order to improve coverage, we need both to continue the current approach, centered on ground-based telescopes, and probably also launch dedicated telescopes to space, to look at the fraction of the sky that cannot be easily observed from the ground (e.g., towards the Sun).
	Regarding the last part of your question, small asteroids enter the Earth atmosphere very often (the infographics above gives you some numbers), while larger ones are much rarer.
	In the recent past, the largest one to enter our atmosphere was about 20 meters in diameter, and it caused the Chelyabinsk event in 2013. It could not be detected in advance because it came from the direction of the Sun.
	We have however detected a few small ones before impact. The first happened in 2008, when a ~4-meter asteroid was found to be on a collision course less than a day before impact, it was predicted to fall in Northern Sudan, and then actually observed falling precisely where (and when) expected.
	MM
^{this is another reply}	>After
	DVK: And to add what MM said - Check out http://neo.ssa.esa.int. There is a ‘discovery statistics’ section which provides some of the info you asked about. NASA is providing similar information here https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/. To see the sky which is currently covered by the survey telescopes, you need to service of the Minor Planet Center which we all work together with: http://www.minorplanetcenter.org, ‘observers’, ‘sky coverage’. That is a tool we use to plan where we look with our telescopes, so it is a more technical page.
Are there any automatic systems for checking large numbers of asteroids orbits, to see if the asteroid's orbit is coming dangerously close to Earth, or is it done by people individually for every asteroid? I ask it because LSST Rubin is coming online soon and you know it will discover a lot of new asteroids.	Yes, such systems exist, and monitor all known and newly discovered asteroids in order to predict possible future impacts.
	The end result of the process is what we call "risk list": http://neo.ssa.esa.int/risk-page
	It is automatically updated every day once new observational data is processed.
	MM
What are your favourite sci-fi series?	DVK: My favorites are ‘The Expanse’, I also liked watching ‘Salvation’. For the first one I even got my family to give me a new subscription to a known internet streaming service so that I can see the latest episodes. I also loved ‘The Jetsons’ and ‘The Flintstones’ as a kid. Not sure the last one counts as sci-fi though. My long-time favorite was ‘Dark Star’.
^{this is another reply}	Big fan of The Expanse at the moment. Nice, hard sci-fi that has a good impression of being grounded in reality - AC
^{this is another reply}	When I was a kid I liked The Jetsons, when growing up Star Trek, Star wars and I also used to watch with my sister the 'V'.
	HG
When determining the potential threat of a NEA, is the mass of an object a bigger factor or size? I'm asking because I'm curious if a small but massive object (say, with the density of Psyche) could survive atmospheric entry better than a comparatively larger but less massive object.	The mass is indeed what really matters, since it’s directly related with the impact energy.
	And as you said composition also matters, a metal object would survive atmospheric entry better, not just because it’s heavier, but also because of its internal strength.
	MM
What are your thoughts on asteroid mining as portrayed in sci-fi movies? Is it feasible? If so would governments or private space programs be the first to do so?What type of minerals can be found on asteroids that would merit the costs of extraction?	Certainly there is valuable stuff you can find on asteroids. For example, the likely easiest material you can harvest from an asteroid would be volatiles such as H2O. Then you have industrial metals, things like Iron, Nickel, and Platinum group metals. Going further, you can break apart many of the oxide minerals you would find to get oxygen (getting you closer to producing rocket fuel in-situ!). Its feasible, but still needs alot of testing both here on Earth and eventually needs to be tested on a target. It may be that governments, via agencies like ESA or NASA, may do it first, to prove the principles somewhat, but I know many commercial entities are also aggresively working towards space mining. To show you that its definitely possible, I'd like to plug the work of colleagues who have processed lunar regolith (which is similar to what you may find on asteroids) to extract both oxygen and metals. Check it out here: http://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2019/10/Oxygen_and_metal_from_lunar_regolith
	AC
Will 2020's climax be a really big rock?	DVK: Let's hope not...
Considering NASA, ESA, IAU etc. is working hard to track Earth-grazing asteroids, how come the Chelyabinsk object that airburst over Russia in 2013 came as a total surprise?	The Chelyabinsk object came from the direction of the Sun, where unfortunately ground-based telescopes cannot look at. Therefore, it would not have been possible to discover it in advance with current telescopes. Dedicated space telescopes are needed to detect objects coming from this direction in advance.
	MM
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Is this to say that it was within specific solid angles for the entire time that we could have observed it given its size and speed?	Yes, precisely that. We got unlucky in this case.
	MM
Have any of you read Lucifer's Hammer by Larry Niven? In your opinion, how realistic is his depiction of an asteroid strike on Earth?	DVK: I have – but really long ago, so I don’t remember the details. But I do remember that I really liked the book, and I remember I always wanted to have a Hot Fudge Sundae when reading it.
I was thinking about the asteroid threat as a teen and came up with this ideas (Hint: they are not equally serious, the level of craziness goes up real quick). Could you please comment on their feasibility? 1. Attaching a rocket engine to an asteroid to make it gradually change trajectory, do that long in advance and it will miss Earth by thousands of km 2. Transporting acid onto asteroid (which are mainly metal), attaching a dome-shaped reaction chamber to it, using heat and pressure to then carry out the chemical reaction to disintegrate asteroids 3. This one is even more terrible than a previous one and totally Dan Brown inspired — transporting antimatter on asteroid, impacting and causing annihilation. Thank you for this AMA and your time!	DVK: Well the first one is not so crazy, I have seen it presented... the difficulty is that all asteroids are rotating in one way or another. So if you continuously fire the engine it would not really help. You'd need to switch the engine on and off. Very complex. And landing on an asteroid is challenging too. Just using the 'kinetic impactor' which we will test with DART/Hera (described elsewhere in this chat) is simpler. Another seriously proposed concept is to put a spacecraft next to an asteroid and use an ion engine (like we have on our Mercury mission BepiColombo) to 'push' the asteroid away.
	As for 2 and 3 I think I will not live to see that happening ;-)
What is the process to determine the orbit of a newly discovered asteroid?	The process is mathematically quite complex, but here's a short summary.
	Everything starts with observations, in particular with measurements of the position of an asteroid in the sky, what we call "astrometry". Discovery telescopes extract this information from their discovery images, and make it available to everybody.
	These datapoints are then used to calculate possible trajectories ("orbits") that pass through them. At first, with very few points, many orbits will be possible.
	Using these orbits we can extrapolate where the asteroid will be located during the following nights, use a telescope to observe that part of the sky, and locate the object again.
	From these new observations we can extract new "astrometry", add it to the orbit determination, and see that now only some of the possible orbits will be compatible with the new data. As a result, we now know the trajectory better than before, because a few of the possible orbits are not confirmed by the new data.
	The cycle can then continue, with new predictions, new observations, and a more accurate determination of the object's orbit, until it can be determined with an extremely high level of accuracy.
	MM
What are some asteroids that are on your "watchlist"?	We have exactly that list on our web portal: http://neo.ssa.esa.int/risk-page
	It's called "risk list", and it includes all known asteroids for which we cannot exclude a possible impact over the next century. It is updated every day to include newly discovered asteroids, and remove those that have been excluded as possible impactors thanks to new observations.
	MM
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That's quite a list!! Do you guys ever feel stressed or afraid when you have to add another dangerous candidate (and by dangerous I mean those above 200m) is added to this Risk List?	Yes, when new dangerous ones are added it's important that we immediately do our best to gather more data on them, observing them with telescopes in order to get the information we need to improve our knowledge of their orbit.
	And then the satisfaction of getting the data needed to remove one from the list is even greater!
	MM
What inspired you to go into this field of study?	I was fascinated by astronomy in general since I was a kid, but the actual "trigger" that sparked my interest in NEOs was a wonderful summer course on asteroids organized by a local amateur astronomers association. I immediately decided that I would do my best to turn this passion into my job, and I'm so happy to have been able to make that dream come true.
	MM
^{this is another reply}	DVK: I started observing meteors when I was 14, just by going outside and looking at the night sky. Since then, small bodies in the solar system were always my passion.
As a layperson, I still think using nuclear weapons against asteroids is the coolest method despite better methods generally being available. Do you still consider the nuclear option the cool option, or has your expertise in the field combined with the real-life impracticalities made it into a laughable/silly/cliche option?	DVK: We indeed still study the nuclear option. There are legal aspects though, the ‘outer space treaty’ forbids nuclear explosions in space. But for a large object or one we discover very late it could be useful. That’s why we have to focus on discovering all the objects out there as early as possible – then we have time enough to use more conventional deflection methods, like the kinetic impactor (the DART/Hera scenario).
It seems like doing this well would require international cooperation, particularly with Russia. Have you ever reached out to Russia in your work? Do you have a counterpart organization there that has a similar mission?	DVK: Indeed international cooperation is important - asteroids don't know about our borders! We work with a Russian team to perform follow-up observations of recently discovered NEOs. Russia is also involved in the UN-endorsed working groups that we have, IAWN and SMPAG (explained in another answer).
how much can experts tell from a video of a fireball or meteor? Can you work out what it's made of and where it came from? https://www.reddit.com/space/comments/hdf3xe/footage_of_a_meteor_at_barrow_island_australia/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x	If multiple videos or pictures, taken from different locations, are available, then it's possible to reconstruct the trajectory, and extrapolate where the object came from.
	Regarding the composition, it's a bit more difficult if nothing survives to the ground, but some information can be obtained indirectly from the fireball's color, or its fragmentation behavior. If a spectral analysis of the light can be made, it's then possible to infer the chemical composition in much greater detail.
	MM
I've always wanted to know what the best meteorite buying site is and what their average price is??	DVK: Serious dealers will be registered with the 'International Meteorite Collectors Association (IMCA)' - https://www.imca.cc/. They should provide a 'certificate of authenticity' where it says that they are member there. If you are in doubt, you can contact the association and check. Normally there are rough prices for different meteorite types per gram. Rare meteorites will of course be much more expensive than more common ones. Check the IMCA web page to find a dealer close to you.
Just read through Aidans link to the basaltic rock being used as a printing material for lunar habitation. There is a company called Roxul that does stone woven insulation that may be able to shed some light on the research they have done to minimize their similarity to asbestos as potentially carcinogenic materials deemed safe for use in commercial and residential applications. As the interior surfaces will essentially be 3D printed lunar regolith what are the current plans to coat or dampen the affinity for the structure to essentially be death traps for respiratory illness?	At least initially, many of these 3d printed regolith structures would not be facing into pressurised sections, but would rather be elements placed outside and around our pressure vessels. Such structures would be things like radiation shields, landing pads or roadways, etc. In the future, if we move towards forming hermetically sealed structures, then your point is a good one. Looking into terrestrial solutions to this problem would be a great start! - AC
What kind of career path does it take to work in the asteroid hunting field?	It's probably different for each of us, but here's a short summary of my own path.
	I became interested in asteroids, and near-Earth objects in particular, thanks to a wonderful summer course organized by a local amateur astronomers association. Amateur astronomers play a great role in introducing people, and young kids in particular, to these topics.
	Then I took physics as my undergrad degree (in Italy), followed by a Ph.D. in astronomy in the US (Hawaii in particular, a great place for astronomers thanks to the exceptional telescopes hosted there).
	After finishing the Ph.D. I started my current job at ESA's NEO Coordination Centre, which allowed me to realize my dream of working in this field.
	MM
^{this is another reply}	DVK: Almost all of us have a Master's degree either in aerospace engineering, mathematics, physics/astronomy/planetary science, or computer science. Some of us - as MM - have a Ph.D. too. But that's not really a requirement. This is true for our team at ESA, but also for other teams in other countries.
What is the likelihood of an asteroid hitting the Earth In the next 200 years?	It depends on the size, large ones are rare, while small ones are much more common. You can check this infographics to get the numbers for each size class: https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/06/Asteroid_danger_explained
	MM
Have you played the Earth Defence Force games and if you have, which one is your favourite?	No I have not played the Earth Defence Force games, but I just looked it up and I think I would liked it. Which one would you recommend?
	HG
How close is too close to earth? Space is a SUPER vast void so is 1,000,000 miles close, 10,000,000? And if an asteroid is big enough can it throw earth off its orbit?	DVK: Too close for my taste is when we compute an impact probability > 0 for the object. That means the flyby distance is zero :-) Those are the objects on our risk page http://neo.ssa.esa.int/risk-page.
	If an object can alter the orbit of another one, we would call it planet. So unless we have a rogue planet coming from another solar system (verrry unlikely) we are safe from that.
How can I join you when I'm older?	DVK: Somebody was asking about our career paths... Study aerospace engineering or math or physics or computer science, get a Masters. Possibly a Ph.D. Then apply for my position when I retire. Check here for how to apply at ESA: https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/Frequently_asked_questions2#HR1
How much is too much?	DVK: 42 again
Are you aware of any asteroids that are theoretically within our reach, or will be within our reach at some point, that are carrying a large quantity of shungite? If you're not aware, shungite is like a 2 billion year old like, rock stone that protects against frequencies and unwanted frequencies that may be traveling in the air. I bought a whole bunch of the stuff. Put them around the la casa. Little pyramids, stuff like that.	DVK: If I remember my geology properly, Shungite forms in water sedimental deposits. This requires liquid water, i.e. a larger planet. So I don't think there is a high chance to see that on asteroids.

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